{"id":4190,"date":"2020-10-10T11:48:20","date_gmt":"2020-10-10T06:18:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/golangbyexamples.com\/?p=4190"},"modified":"2020-11-26T01:05:01","modified_gmt":"2020-11-25T19:35:01","slug":"iota-in-golang","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/golangbyexamples.com\/iota-in-golang\/","title":{"rendered":"IOTA in Go (Golang)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">This is the\u00a0 chapter 22 of the golang comprehensive tutorial series. Refer to this link for other chapters of the series \u2013\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/golangbyexamples.com\/golang-comprehensive-tutorial\/\">Golang Comprehensive Tutorial Series<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Next Tutorial<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/golangbyexamples.com\/goroutines-golang\/\">Goroutines<\/a><br><strong>Previous Tutorial<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/golangbyexamples.com\/interface-in-golang\/\">Interface<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Now let\u2019s check out the current tutorial. Below is the table of contents for current tutorial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_17 counter-hierarchy counter-decimal ez-toc-light-blue\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"display: none;\"><i class=\"ez-toc-glyphicon ez-toc-icon-toggle\"><\/i><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class=\"ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1\"><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/golangbyexamples.com\/iota-in-golang\/#Overview\" title=\"Overview\">Overview<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/golangbyexamples.com\/iota-in-golang\/#More_about_IOTA\" title=\"More about IOTA\">More about IOTA<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/golangbyexamples.com\/iota-in-golang\/#Enum_in_Golang\" title=\"Enum in Golang\">Enum in Golang<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/golangbyexamples.com\/iota-in-golang\/#Conclusion\" title=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Overview\"><\/span><strong>Overview<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Iota is an identifier which is used with constant and which can simplify constant definitions that use auto increment numbers.&nbsp; The <strong>IOTA<\/strong> keyword represent integer constant starting from zero.&nbsp; So essentially it can be used to create effective constant in Go . They can also be used to create enum in Go as we will see later in this tutorial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Auto increment constant without IOTA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-go\">const (\n    a = 0\n    b = 1\n    c = 2\n)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Auto increment constant with IOTA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-go\">const (\n    a = iota\n    b\n    c\n)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Both will set<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-go\">a=0\nb=1\nc=2<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">So IOTA is<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-list\"><li>A counter which starts with zero<\/li><li>Increases by 1 after each line<\/li><li>Is only used with constant<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">IOTA starts with zero and increases by 1 after each line but there are some caveats as well. First, let&#8217;s see a simple example where iota starts with zero increases by 1 after each line<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-go\">package main\n\nimport \"fmt\"\n\nconst (\n    a = iota\n    b\n    c\n)\nfunc main() {\n    fmt.Println(a)\n    fmt.Println(b)\n    fmt.Println(c)\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Output<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-go\">0\n1\n2<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Iota sets the value of <strong>a<\/strong> to zero. Then on each new line and it increments the value by one. Therefore the output is 0 followed by 1 followed by 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"More_about_IOTA\"><\/span><strong>More about IOTA<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Let&#8217;s see some other points related to iota<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-list\"><li>Iota keyword can be used on each line as well. In that case, also iota will start from zero and increment on each new line. It will be the same as the above case<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-go\">const (\n\ta = iota\n\tb = iota\n\tc = iota\n)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">will output<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-go\">0\n1\n2<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-list\"><li>iota keyword can be skipped as well. In that case, also iota will start from zero and increment on each new line. It is same as above two cases<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-\">const (\n    a = iota\n    b\n    c = iota\n)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">will output<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-go\">0\n1\n2<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-list\"><li>There will be no increment if there is a empty line or a commented line<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-go\">const (\n\ta = iota\n\n\tb\n\t\/\/comment\n\tc\n)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">will output<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-go\">0\n1\n2<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-list\"><li>Iota value will reset and again start with zero if the const keyword is used again<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-go\">const (\n\ta = iota\n\tb\n)\nconst (\n\tc = iota\n)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">will output<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-\">0\n1\n0<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-list\"><li>iota increment can be skipped using a blank identifier<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-go\">const (\n\ta = iota\n\t_\n\tb\n\tc\n)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">will output<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-go\">0\n2\n3<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-list\"><li>iota expressions &#8211; iota allows expressions which can be used to set any value for the constant<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-go\">package main\n\nimport \"fmt\"\n\nconst (\n\ta = iota\n\tb = iota + 4\n\tc = iota * 4\n)\n\nfunc main() {\n\tfmt.Println(a)\n\tfmt.Println(b)\n\tfmt.Println(c)\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">will output<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-\">0\n5\n8<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The first-time iota value was zero, hence the output is zero. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">On the next line iota value is 1 hence the output is 1+4=5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">On the next line, iota value is 2 hence output 2*4=8<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-list\"><li>iota can also start from non-zero number- iota expressions can also be used to start iota from any number<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-\">const (\n\ta = iota + 10\n\tb\n\tc\n)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">will output<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-\">10\n11\n12<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Enum_in_Golang\"><\/span><strong>Enum in Golang<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>IOTA <\/strong>provides an automated way to create a enum in Golang. Let&#8217;s see an example.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-go\">package main\n\nimport \"fmt\"\n\ntype Size uint8\n\nconst (\n\tsmall Size = iota\n\tmedium\n\tlarge\n\textraLarge\n)\n\nfunc main() {\n\tfmt.Println(small)\n\tfmt.Println(medium)\n\tfmt.Println(large)\n\tfmt.Println(extraLarge)\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Output<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-go\">0\n1\n2\n3<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">In above program we created a new type<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-go\">type Size uint8<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Then we declared some const of&nbsp; type <strong>Size<\/strong>. The first constant <strong>small<\/strong> is set to iota so it will be set to zero<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-go\">small Size = iota<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">That&#8217;s why<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-go\">fmt.Println(small)      >> outputs 0  \nfmt.Println(medium)     >> outputs 1\nfmt.Println(large)      >> outputs 2\nfmt.Println(extraLarge) >> outputs 3<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Without IOTA we had to explicitly set the values of each of the enum value<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-go\">package main\n\nimport \"fmt\"\n\ntype Size uint8\n\nconst (\n\tsmall      Size = 0\n\tmedium     Size = 1\n\tlarge      Size = 2\n\textraLarge Size = 3\n)\n\nfunc main() {\n\tfmt.Println(small)\n\tfmt.Println(medium)\n\tfmt.Println(large)\n\tfmt.Println(extraLarge)\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Output<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-go\">0\n1\n2\n3<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">We can also define a method <strong>toString<\/strong> on Size type to print the exact value of enum . See below program<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-go\">package main\nimport \"fmt\"\ntype Size int\nconst (\n    small = Size(iota)\n    medium\n    large\n    extraLarge\n)\nfunc main() {\n    var m Size = 1\n    m.toString()\n}\nfunc (s Size) toString() {\n    switch s {\n    case small:\n        fmt.Println(\"Small\")\n    case medium:\n        fmt.Println(\"Medium\")\n    case large:\n        fmt.Println(\"Large\")\n    case extraLarge:\n        fmt.Println(\"Extra Large\")\n    default:\n        fmt.Println(\"Invalid Size entry\")\n    }\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Output<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-prismatic-blocks\"><code class=\"language-go\">medium<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">We have defined a <strong>toString <\/strong>method for the <strong>Size<\/strong> type. It can be used to the print the string value of the constant of Size type.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">This is all about IOTA and Enum in golang. Hope you have liked this article. Please share feedback\/improvements\/mistakes in comments<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Next Tutorial<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/golangbyexamples.com\/goroutines-golang\/\">Goroutines<\/a><br><strong>Previous Tutorial<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/golangbyexamples.com\/interface-in-golang\/\">Interface<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This is the\u00a0 chapter 22 of the golang comprehensive tutorial series. Refer to this link for other chapters of the series \u2013\u00a0Golang Comprehensive Tutorial Series Next Tutorial\u00a0\u2013\u00a0GoroutinesPrevious Tutorial\u00a0\u2013 Interface Now let\u2019s check&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":"","footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[3,4],"class_list":["post-4190","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tech","tag-go","tag-golang"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>IOTA in Go (Golang) - Welcome To Golang By Example<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/golangbyexamples.com\/iota-in-golang\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"IOTA in Go (Golang) - Welcome To Golang By Example\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This is the\u00a0 chapter 22 of the golang comprehensive tutorial series. 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